New insight into this exciting period of English history is gained in this study by tracing the itineraries of the Scandinavian armies. Factors leading to the invasions and conquest are investigated through a fresh examination of our sources (including the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the Encomium, and John of Worcester's Chronicle), a critical analysis of the chronology of events and an explanation of the economic background. Attention focuses upon the activities of Swein Forkbeard and, after his death, the Danish warlord, Thorkell the Tall. Both were outstanding warriors and political leaders of what is sometimes termed 'the Second Viking Age'.

This analysis of the invasions demonstrates beyond doubt that King Æthelred was no indolent and worthless king who bribed invading Vikings to go away. His relationships with Scandinavian forces were more complex and far more interesting than has been supposed. It is equally apparent that King Swein was much more than a marauding Viking adventurer. He was a sophisticated politician who laid the foundations for a great northern Empire which was ruled by his descendents for many years after his death.

IAN HOWARD has a PhD from Manchester University and is a Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. After a career in industry and commerce, he has returned to full-time research and has produced several papers covering a variety of aspects of early medieval history.  less